Feminist Movement :: essays research papers fc

It was in the mid-1800s when the first signs of the feminist movement cameabout. In 1861, a man named John Stuart Mill wrote The Subjection of Women, whichwas said to have spawned the ideology of the Womens Rights Movement (Ryan 11). Hediscussed the role of women is society during that time, pointing out how the patriarchy located such an intense limit on what women could do. Patriarchy is the system in whichthe male race governs societal views, and this practice has been in existence since thedawn of time. This realize raised the consciousness of many women, but the first hints ofan organized movement did not come about until the approach of the twentieth century. It has been said the Black abolition Movement was the encouragement that womenneeded to go after what they believed in (Ryan 10). In 1898 came the beginnings ofWomens Suffrage, which was the movement intended to allow women the right to vote. During this time, over 500 depart campaigns were launched with the goal of att ainingthis right. Females such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony spoke all overthe country on womens rights and suffrage, gaining many supporters along the way(Ryan 9). The National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was soonformed, and Stanton was its first president. She helped to begin extensive mobilizingefforts and put a strong foot forward in the suffrage movement (Ryan 22). When the 19th Amendment was passed, women nationwide rejoiced at their accomplishmentwith the feeling that they had made a difference, and their feeling of inferiority hadsubsided.Works CitedBardon, Edward J. The Sexual Arena and Womens Liberation. Chicago Nelson Hall, 1978.

Learning How to Read Essay -- Cognitive Process, Childhood, Reading

Learning to read is a complex cognitive process which progresses throughout childhood. In order to develop good cultivation and written skills, an individual requires both orthographic knowledge and phonological awareness (Waldie et al., 2013). Orthographic knowledge is the ability to use information stored in computer memory to represent talk language in written form. On the other hand, phonological awareness refers to the ability to detect and understand sound structure and phonemes (the smallest units of distinct sound in a specific language). Models of reading such as the parallel distributed processing (PDP) models suggest that both orthographic and phonological systems work together to activate lexical semantics (Waldie et al., 2013). Some children have great difficulty in knowledge to read, and if this problem persists, may be assessed to identify whether or not they have a learning disability, such as dyslexia. In this essay a brief definition of dyslexia will be given fol lowed by a short introduction of proto(prenominal) research that points towards a biological basis for dyslexia. Specific neural pathways and brain regions will then be identified and findings discussed in relation to specific topographic areas of the brain investigated in dyslexics.There are many different definitions of dyslexia, but most studies characterize dyslexia as a neurobiological disorder resulting in reading impairment despite the intellectual aptitude, sociocultural opportunities, and motivation to read with accuracy and fluency (Lyon et al., 2003). It can also be characterised by difficulties in spelling, working memory and decoding abilities. Furthermore, dyslexia can be broadly categorised into two main types developmental or acquired, although there are num... ...f Neurology, 7(1), pp. 35 - 46.Rumsey, J.M., Donohue, B.C., Brady, D.R., Nace, K., Giedd, J.N. & Andreason, P. (1997). A Magnetic reverberance Imaging Study of Planum Temporale Asymmetry in Men with Deve lopmental Dyslexia. Archives of Neurology, 54(12), pp. 1481 - 1489.Schneider, P., Scherg, M., Dosch, H.G., Specht, H.J., Gutschalk, A. & Rupp, A. (2002). Morphology of Heschls Gyrus Reflects Enhanced Activation in the Auditory Cortex of Musicians. personality Neuroscience, 5(7), pp. 668 - 694.Waldie, K.E., Haigh, C.E., Badzakova-Trajkov, G., Buckley, J. & Kirk, I.J. (2013). Reading the Wrong Way with the Right Hemisphere. Brain Sciences, 3(1), pp. 1060 - 1075.Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasische Symptomenconplex Eine psychologische Studies auf Anatomischer Basis (The Aphasia Symptom-Complex A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis). Breslau Cohn and Weigert.

Do the Right Thing Scene Analysis Essay -- Film Analysis

Do the Right Thing is a dramatic comedic film that was directed by Spike leeward. The movie was released in 1989. Lee served in three capacities for the film writer, director and producer of the movie, Ernest Dickenson was the cinematographer and Barry Alexander dark-brown was the films editor. For this film, Lee garnered together some notable actors and actresses, including Ruby Dee and Ossie Davis, Rosie Perez, Samuel L. Jackson, John Tuturro and Martin Lawrence. The setting of the movie is in Bedford-Stuyvesant which is a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. This particular neighborhood is do up of several ethnic groups that include African Americas, Italians, Koreans, and Puerto Ricans. The movie stools place on a particularly hot day during the summer time. The extreme fondness causes tensions between the different races in the neighborhood. In this paper, I will attempt to show how mise-en-scne, camera work, editing, and sound are used to convey explicit and underlyin g meaning in one image in Do the Right Thing.The scene that I will be analyzing takes place towards the end of the movie in which all the racial tensions that were boiling over erupted like a volcano and spewed out. This particular scene is about five minutes in length and is smooth of about 25 shots. It takes place at the end of the day after Sals Famous Pizzeria has closed. We see that the pizzeria is closed and Sal is having a chat with his sons Vito and Pino about him wanting to change the name of his store to Sal and Sons Pizzeria. He also tells Mookie, You are like a son to me. The suddenly we here banging on the door, its the neighborhood kids wanting to get a slice of pizza. Although the pizzeria is closed, Sal tells a reluctant Mookie... ...xt shot we observe them on the outside, for this Brown uses a straight cut rather than a jump cut to promote continuity into the next scene. All the scenes in the movie including this one take places in chronological order in a li near fashion. The editor also uses reverse angle cutting as well. In the end, this particular scene of Do Right Thing, has both implicit and explicit meanings. Work CitedDo the Right Thing. Dir. Spike Lee. Perf. Danny Aiello, John Turturro, Giancarlo Esposito, Martin Lawrence, Bill Nunn, Richard Edson, Roger Guenveur Smith and Spike Lee. Forty kingdom and a Mule Filmworks.1989. Streaming (Netflix)Do the Right Thing. IMBD.com. Internet Movie Database, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. Stanley, Robert H. The Movie Idiom Film as a Popular artifice Form. Illinois Waveland Press, Inc. 2011. Print

Thos Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49 - Her Errand Into the Wilderness :: Crying Lot 49 Essays

  The call of Lot 49 Her Errand Into the Wilderness        One of the central themes moved(p) upon in Pierre-Yves Petillons Essay, A Re-cognition of Her Errand Into the Wilderness, is the general sense of waking up oneness feels when he reads Thos Pynchons The Crying of Lot 49. Petillon begins his essay by expressing the opinion that it is rather odd that The Crying of Lot 49, a slim novella should have become an overnight classic (ODonnell, p.127). What at first seemed like a typical piece exhibition the virtues of LSD, turned out to have much more under the surface than a first reading would reveal. Here was another groovy sample of the emergent psychedelic scene om, sweet om, O(edipa) M(ass) and her Lonely Hearts Club Band (ODonnell, p. 128). Petillon touches upon the books power beautifully by realizing that its mood grows upon you with each reading (ODonnell, p. 129).   Born in the Late 1930s, doubting Thomas Pynchon came of age during the E isenhower Siesta, when everything had, it seemed, slowed to a sudden standstill (ODonnell, p. 135). Petillon then relates Lot 49 to Jack Kerouacs On The Road, by telling of their simultaneous sense of blooming, as if awakening from a long sleep (ODonnell, p. 130). He also points out that both Kerouacs and Pynchons main characters (Kerouacs being himself, and Pynchons being Oedipa Maas), both move further and further into an invisible, cabalistic America (ODonnell, p. 130).   I believe the one thing Petillon has failed to mention adequately, though, is the fact that the reader never gets a sense of their surroundings. When awakening from a long sleep, one usually ends up with a general awareness and clarity as to what is going on around him. However, with The Crying of Lot 49, you come to end of the story, or the end of the awakening if you will, only to find that you have slipped further into a dream.

In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continually migrate :: English Literature

In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continually migrate because they lose the bring down that their family has inhabited for generations.Ownership does not reside in legal title but in personal experience.In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continuallymigrate because they lose the land that their family has inhabited forgenerations. Despite the fact that they neer owned the land, theyfeel it is theirs because no one else knows it as well as they do.When they reach California, they experience the position of being theoutsiders, such as the banks they despised were in Oklahoma.Because of their strong agrarian roots and personal connection to theland, the Joads believe that connection to the land subject matter ownership.The banks believe that fiscal investment in the land means ownership.This is an interesting paradox two dissimilar groups of people battleeach other, convinced that they are right. They are battling over adesolate piece of soil, a me ager purse for the victor. The Joadsposition is outlined in the third intercalary chapter, We were bornon (the land), and we got killed on it, died on it. Thats what makesit ours, being born on it, running(a) on it, dying on it. Thatsownership, not papers with numbers on it (43). The bank believes thattheir monetary claim to the land eclipses the personal investment ofthe sharecroppers. Though in that respect is perhaps no concrete argument todecide who is the true owner, if money is worth more than labor BillGates has more right to land than the populations of many smallnations.The Joads migrate to California as a result of the loss of their home,and soon learn the problem with allowing personal experience todetermine ownership. The Californians pass over them with a ferocity equalto that with which they treated the bank, although the Oklahomans werereacting to a considerably more intimidating threat. The migrants goto California with the expectation that they will be valued emp loyees,and be able to settle on their own land in California. This is ironicbecause they had so recently learned how difficult it is to give upland, so expecting to be able to buy up land in California goesdirectly against the lessons they had just learned. Despite thiselement of hypocrisy, little discussed by John Steinbeck, the plightof the migrants does jazz up sympathy, for it is truly desperate.

In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continually migrate :: English Literature

In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continually migrate because they lose the debark that their family has inhabited for generations.Ownership does not tarry in legal title but in personal experience.In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family is forced to continuallymigrate because they lose the land that their family has inhabited forgenerations. Despite the item that they never owned the land, theyfeel it is theirs because no one else knows it as well as they do.When they reach California, they experience the position of being theoutsiders, such as the banks they despised were in Oklahoma.Because of their strong agrarian roots and personal connection to theland, the Joads believe that connection to the land means ownership.The banks believe that fiscal investment in the land means ownership.This is an interesting paradox two dissimilar groups of people battleeach other, convinced that they are remunerate. They are battling over adesolate character of soil, a mea ger purse for the victor. The Joadsposition is outlined in the third intercalary chapter, We were bornon (the land), and we got killed on it, died on it. Thats what makesit ours, being born on it, working on it, dying on it. Thatsownership, not papers with numbers on it (43). The bank believes thattheir monetary claim to the land eclipses the personal investment ofthe sharecroppers. though there is perhaps no concrete argument todecide who is the true owner, if money is worth more than labor BillGates has more right to land than the populations of many smallnations.The Joads migrate to California as a result of the loss of their home,and soon learn the problem with allowing personal experience to take care ownership. The Californians treat them with a ferocity equalto that with which they treated the bank, although the Oklahomans werereacting to a considerably more intimidating threat. The migrants goto California with the expectation that they will be precious employees,and be able to settle on their own land in California. This is ironicbecause they had so recently learned how difficult it is to give upland, so expecting to be able to buy up land in California goesdirectly against the lessons they had just learned. Despite thiselement of hypocrisy, little discussed by John Steinbeck, the wageof the migrants does inspire sympathy, for it is truly desperate.

Environmental Degradation Essay

In 1987 The United Nations World deputation on Environment and increment (WCED) released a pioneering report concerning the purlieual damage that is leaving on. Through the report, called Our Common Future, WCED passed a inform that soon the world would be facing intolerable levels of damage to the environment if we ar not sledding to alter our way of living. It would in like manner lead to the humans suffering collectable to it. The Commission explained that in that respect is a pressing indispensableness of changing the speed as well as the trend of international sparing growth so that it meets the capacity of the world.It said Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable to date that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 8) After thoroughly analysing the situation it can be concluded that the environmental crisis has an impact on each of the nation in the world. However, the extent to which they argon affected is different and depends on the way they consume and likewise their economic expansion.Just 25% of the global race consumes a genuinely risque percentage of the worlds fossil fuels and chemical goods as high as 70% and 85% respectively. This unbalanced consumption also exists in the landing field of water. In the United States the per capita consumption of water goes as high as 2300m3 annually. In Canada the figure is at 1500m3 while in Britain it reaches up to 225m3. On the other(a) hand, the developing countries befuddle a much lower consumption, of surrounded by 20 and 40m3.The trends of usage for the forest goods plus several of the other goods comprise of a mistakable direct proportion to the figure of population of the 20% of the wealthiest communities. Due to much(prenominal) extravagant demands, a great burden is being modeld on the national as well as the worlds natural resour ces. The other societies make up to about 80% of the population, and get less than 20% of the world capital. The consumption of these societies is much more humble. Environmental Challenge Presently, there is not enough attention, at least not in the degree that is required, being paid to the social concerns.Scientists are pointing out to the troubles that we are facing and which would make our excerpt difficult later on. Such troubles include warming globe, the earths ozone layer being depleted, the deserts consuming agricultural land. However, we are not responding to the warning in the appropriate manner instead we ask them for further details. Initially it was thought that environmental humiliation is primarily the concern of the richer countries and happens due to industrial affluence. However, right off it is an issue for the developing countries as well.The very poor countries are caught in the descending coil of associated environmental and economic decline. Although ther e are hopes being show at every side, no pattern can be seen nor any kind of campaigns or rules which would console the poor and decrease the increasing gap between rich and poor countries. For the tendency of development we have collected weapons which can divert routes, which had been pursued since one thousand thousands of years, and can form such a orbiter that our ancestors may not identify as being theirs.The biodiversity in the European continent is rapidly going down. Although Europe can be termed as wealthy and solid it does not seem that it has the practical ways for avoiding the decline. Birdlife International (Conservative Series 3) conducted a study and the results showed that 40% of the bird species are in an unfavourable situation. Since the preceding(a) two decades the there has been a substantial reduction in one in four of Europes 514 bird species. It is ironic that such occurrences took come on in the same years when there were the most conservative effort s made.A re-strengthening of the European legislation has taken place, there are now more reputation reserves and parks, and certain species which had disappeared in the area have been reintroduced. Concerning this issue, in 2003 the European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin said The time has come for coordinated European action to sport the tide on environmental threats For too long, we have exploited the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas, without considering the eventual consequences of our actions.We must invest in integrated programmes of inquiry to de awake(p)r sustainable development solutions and long-term environmental protection for the benefit of our future generations. (Europa, 2003). In 2008, the European Commissioner for Environment Stavros Dimas publically addressed the audience at Harvard University and talked over this issue. Dimas related what the European aggregates ambitious environmental agenda is. This included targeting 20% decline in the consumption of energy by the year 2020. This was, internationally, the first plus the greatest emissions trading plan.According to Dimas the agenda also targeted at using more and more of sustainable and renewable resources. along with this Dimas emphasized that it is vital for there to be global collaboration on matters like climate change, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. The western world takes Eastern Europe as the place where there are smog and toxic spills. The priority of the communist regimes had been to intensify industrialization. Even though certain environmental rules exist in many areas and they were akin(predicate) to those in the Western Europe, these were hardly ever implemented.Polluted rivers, toxic waste dumps, and the terrains and cities being blackened by soot was the consequence. The environmental standards of the European Union are harsh and these have been pushing these nations for the cleaning up of their ecological destruction regions. 15 years of benignity has been given to the states that have recently joined the union. However, this leniency is only for those regions where much investment is required, for example the building of water purification schemes.Several of the areas are already showing the signs of the clean-up attempts. For instance, there is the Black Triangle in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. This area was once of the most polluted regions globally. It supplied energy to the heating and heavy industries through the power plants which worked on coal. Due to this whole forests were destroyed. However, by 2000 there had been such a evidential change due to the efforts that emissions of sulphur dioxide and solid particles were lessened by greater than 90% (Habeck, 2004). Other ChallengesAt the time when the terms of origin of the Commission were is discussion in 1982, some of the individuals proposed limiting the concerns to only environmental matters. This would not have been feasible. In fact it would be consider ed a major(ip) fault. The environment is not separate from our actions, determinations and requirements, and efforts to save only that and not look at other concerns would make the word environment a nuance of credulousness in certain political spheres. Certain others have restricted the term development to quite an inadequate centre, along the lines of what poor countries should do to become richer.Therefore, those in the global scene mechanically dismiss it as being something that the experts are to disquiet about, and the ones concerned with queries regarding development assistance. European expansion (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 2006) has formed a new sylvan Europe. Certain of the campestral areas of Central plus the Eastern Europe are being structurally transformed (Fraser, 2005). Simultaneously, in Europe and the member nations social services are being subjected to modernisation and improvement (Kumar et al. , 2003).The researchers who are o n the lookout for the construction of a dependable rural evidence base are facing confronts. They wish this to inform policy decisions and practice (European Commission EC, 2006a OECD, 2006). One of the challenges that they face happens to be the speed of transformation and the requirement for latest research (Commission for Rural Communities CRC 2006a). One more is the problem that they face to arrive at a mutual explanation of each of the two rural regions plus the social services so as to conduct a relative research in the European continent which is quite a change region.Europe is also facing challenges in the area of labour. When the Europeans lose jobs they get upset. This may happen because of inside rivalry in the European Union or because of the international competition that they face from other continents like Asia, and also from Latin America and the United States. In those regions the European carmakers have initiated their plants. The private sector has not been form ing any significant number of new jobs since as early as the 1970s, and about 20 million Europeans are not employed of which several may not be ever.Recently there was a survey held in Italy and the results showed that 38% of the participants though unemployment to be the most urgent challenge. This view was held by 58% of the respondents in France, whereas in Germany the figure was as high as 81%. The big nations that are at the centre of the euro region are languishing in the economic area but still they do not seem capable of coming to grips with the opening transformations which are required in such a planet of globalisation, spirited labour markets, and the portable capital pressures of our economies.In the situation when a European loses his job because of his firm setting up in India instead, it is probable that he would not get another job. Plus due to the reducing demographic base the liberal pension systems are being threatened. Several of the European nations are going do wn and are not being able to sustain their people. For example, by 2050 the population of the Italian nation would go down, from a 57 million to 45 million. By the same time greater than half of the population in Germany would be above 55 years of age. Europe requires that immigration takes place. save this happens to be a contentious means of raising the workforce, since there is a prevalent dread of a rising Muslim population. What is more important? The environment is the place where we live and for improving ourselves in the environment there has to be development taking place. That is to say that the two are indivisible. Additionally, the matters related to development should be perceived by the political chiefs as being important, as they think that their nations have achieved stability and the other countries should struggle at attaining that position.The routes that the industrialized countries take for the purpose of development are obviously indefensible. The decisions tha t such nations make for improvement, due to their large economic plus political authority, would greatly affect the capability of each somebody for the sustenance of human growth. This would not be just for them but also for the further generations ahead. Several of the important survival matters concern unbalanced expansion, poverty and population growth.All of these issues extraordinarily pressurize the worlds lands, waters, green areas, plus also other natural resources, not least in the developing nations. Chances and resources are wasted through the downward spiral of paucity and ecological deterioration. Especially it is wasting the human resources. Such associations between paucity, inequity, and ecological deterioration created a significant matter in the assessment and recommendations. There is a requirement of a new period of economic expansion. This expansion has to be powerful but also socially and environmentally sustainable.The search for a demanding dynamic balance be tween economic prosperity, environmental responsibility and social safety is certainly the essential civilizational, and therefore also political, task of the first half of the 21st century (Plut, 2000 149). The geopolitical part and situation of Europe had been altered drastically since the past some decades. be the backing for the European continent, the EU reacted in two methods to the market-, technology- and information-related confrontations of globalisation and the macro regional rivalry with the United States and Japan with development and nearer interrelation.Nevertheless, the fact that whether the cypher of a wide-spread domestic marketplace had been the chief cause of a low level of rivalry of the international firms in the European continent is arguable. In the mid-nineties an even European Union market had been set up and this allowed for a more essential development of a shared policy also regarding the environment, transport, and colloquy network. In several ways t he expansion of environment rules can possibly be recognized with a past of democratization of the European Union.The EU nations authentic the Amsterdam Treaty in the June of 1997 and its environment related content was influenced a lot due to the deepened political pressures plus also good structured agendas of non-governmental environmental groups and green political parties. Because of the several past environmental pressures in the AC10, the procedure of their limiting to the environmental legislation of the EU15 may seem to be extremely challenging, enduring, and due to their reduced item quality and social disaster, in all probability also politically conflictnous.For the purpose of the incorporation into the European Union and also for the modification of the ecological legislation there would be a requirement of capital and this may turn out to be a great burden. The EU15 and the AC10 nations have similar environmental objectives. However, their initial situations, the tim e, and the means of change are far from identical. AC10 faced economic and social disasters in the beginning of transition and because of this there is no worry for the environment among them both the people and the government.In 2000, the AC10 had just started developing environmental action programmes and also incorporating the European Union environmental principles into their legislations. Before the EU environmental policy and rules can be adopted completely, there is an anticipation of a longer modification era. There is an anticipation of this era especially in the area of transport, energy sector and agriculture (European Environment Agency, 1999). There are fears of AC10 repeating the mistakes, that the EU nations committed in the 1970s, in the probable era of heavy economic expansion between the years 2000 and 2010 (2015) (Plut, 2000).Conclusion Because of the deterioration of the environment the public health is being affected drastically and it is also leading to social inequity. For the meantime, the economically strong countries who are the causing it escape efficient management by the public. Under the new-liberal stick, environmental, communal and autonomous matters have previously not appeared to be so nearly connected. The effects happening due to the destruction of the environment have affected the developed nations along with the third world nations lately. Such effects have been in, for instance, the health.According to recent studies, hundreds of deaths taking place annually in the major European cities are due to the air pollution which happens because of the too much fomite traffic. Several others have to undergo chronic asthma, this too for the same reason. Similarly, a large number the young people are suffering from leukaemia. These are the ones who live near waste recycling and storage centre near the Hague, Holland. Industrial pollution is also affecting the babies and infants and they are going to endure it throughout their lives, not only medically but also socially.Water resources are going down, so much so that there is a danger of scarcity. Whatever descend still is there has a poor quality. This is resulting in high prices of water and because of this an increasing number of people cannot get the municipal water supply since they cannot dedicate to pay the charges. Certain extremely poor Europeans even have to make use of mineral water due to the fact that they are not acquiring water in their taps. Such kinds of situations should provoke an environmental sense to be at the centre of attention.Concerning biodiversity, the environmental requirements of Europe, just like in other regions, challenge the fundamental judgement regarding the market system that is governed by great, private welfare. It has been frequently thought that environmental requirements are a mere luxury, or at the minimum not the most important issue to be worried about, in front the prevalent social crisis. Nevertheless, suggestion s of environmental catastrophe are very well felt in the north and the south and they are reaching an increasing scope of views of our situations of life.Environmental matters have to be handled today, and not simply left field for later years. This fact should have been taken into consideration previously it should be considered even more now. References Anon. (2003). Turning the tide on environmental degradation the EU examines ways to reverse damage in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Europa, Online 28 May 2003. Available at http//europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do? reference=IP/03/769&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en Accessed 9 May 2009.Commission for Rural Communities (CRC). (2006a). Rural Disadvantage Reviewing the Evidence. Cheltenham Commission for Rural Communities. European Environment Agency. (1999). Environment in the European Union at the Turn of the Century. Copenhagen EEA. European Commission. (2006a). Rural Development in the European Union Stat istical and Economic information Report 2006. Online September 2006. Available at http//ec. europa. eu/agriculture/agrista/rurdev2006/RD_Report_2006. pdf Accessed 9 May 2009.

Build Your Future Today

Build Your Future Today Introduction If I were to ask you, What is the next study decision you need to make in your life, what would it be? Perhaps youll be looking at your next investment proposal. Or perhaps you are thought surgical operation about how to celebrate your next wedding anniversary with your spouse. Or perhaps, youre trying to decide whether or not you will Join our Toast reigns club today.Madam Toastmasters, my fellow Toastmasters, dignitaries, and our much or less honored guests, to help you decide tonight, not only will you get an overview of our Toastmasters program, you will also walk away with some of the tips and techniques I learned from to a greater extent experienced Toastmasters. Speaking Off the Cuff First of all, take a look again at the agenda. You will notice how there are deuce-ace parts to either Toastmasters meeting Table Topics, Prepared Speeches, and then Evaluations. For Table Topics, the purpose is to help you think on your feet by respond ing too question you didnt take a shit for, within 1-2 minutes.Why? Think about Job interviews. By keeping your responses short and concise, I think youre much more likely to establish rapport with your interviewers. I still remember how I recently had 4 Job promotion interviews. One of the questions they all asked was tell us about software programs you are known with and how you used it for work. I answered the question I gave them a list of examples and connected them with work examples. Unfortunately, it came off like a typical laundry list. Boring, forgettable, and toss salad. not surprisingly, I was O for 4 in getting my rumination.Then, in my 5th promotion interview, when I got the like question, I twisted the question. Instead of making the same mistake again, I actually asked, What are the challenges for your unit? Then, after listening patiently to their challenges, I was able to make everything I said relevant for their unit. For instance, I addressed how I could hel p them produce memos and proofread documents. Also, impromptu speaking can help improve your interpersonal communication skills. Consider your conversations with your friends and family.Are you likely to dispense with 5-7 minute speeches? I hope not. As you can see, the ability to think on your feet is extremely valuable for reaching your professional and personal goals. Delivering Winning Presentations In addition to improving your impromptu speaking, you will learn how to deliver winning presentations. By working through the Competent Communication manual, you can improve many another(prenominal) different aspects of public speaking, such as speech organization, body language, and vocal variety. Many people have difficulty coming up with material to conversation about.Just pick topics you are familiar with. For example, I three chunks, each lasting from 5-7 minutes. Then, when I need to deliver the actual presentation, I feel much more confident. You can do the same. Take mater ial you know youll be presenting in the real-world and practice it here at Toastmasters. Evaluations After youre done with presentations, you need feedback to keep improving. This is where evaluations place into play. When I first started out in Toastmasters, the hardest roles were Speech Evaluator and General Evaluator.I remembered how my ere first speech evaluation was for our Distinguished Toastmaster, Ron Dowel. My hands were shaking as I brought my notes and his manual to the podium. My voice was shaking too Great Gestures, great Volume, great Content. Seriously, I didnt know how to evaluate an experienced speaker. As I gained more experience, this process became easier. Now you may be wondering, Why does a giving effective speech evaluation matter to me? Consider how you need to evaluate other peoples ideas every day. Perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your colleagues.Or perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your family and friends. How to critique their ideas withou t offending them? How to make your suggestions more useful and memorable? You can practice to master this invaluable skill here in Toastmasters. Conclusion As you can see, Toastmasters can help you improve your impromptu speaking, presentation skills, and evaluation skills. By invest Just $36 for every 6 months, you can change your life. Make the right decision by Joining Toastmasters today, because your future depends on it.

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage

1. High intensity domestic tilt breeds inter subject success.2. In the diamond-shaped chart, there ar key elements of it success is to be sustained Comp all strategy (structure and rivalry), factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries.3. The home base shapes a smart sets capacity to innovate rapidly in technology and methods and to do so in the proper directions.4. A global strategy supplements and solidifies the rivalrous return occasiond at home base.5. The most important sources of national advantage mustiness be actively sought and exploited.6. Caught up in a never-ending process of set about out current advantages and struggling with rivals to protect them.7. Stability is valued in most companies, non change. Protecting old ideas and techniques becomes the preoccupation, not creating new mavins. The long-term dispute for any upstanding is to put itself in a position where it is most presumable to perceive, and best able to address the imperatives of free-enterprise(a) advantage. Expose a company to new market and technological opportunities that may be hard to perceive.Preparing for change by upgrading and expanding the skills of employees and improving the loadeds scientific and knowledge base. Overcoming complacency and inertia to act on the new opportunities and circumstances. Much attention has rightly been places on the importance of visionary leading in achieving unusual organizational success. Great leaders are influenced by the environment in which they work. Innovation takes place because the home environment stimulates it. Innovation succeeds because the home environment supports and even forces it.The right environment not only shapes a leaders own perceptions and priorities but provides the catalyst that allows the leader to overcome inertia and produce organizational change. Great leaders come out in different industries in different nations, in part because national circumstances attract and en courage them In many industries, the national environment provides one or two nations with a distinct advantage over their foreign competitors. Leadership often determines which particular firm or firms exploit this advantage.The ability of any firm to innovate has much to do with the environment to which it is exposed. Seeking safe arrive atns and comfortable customer relationship only reinforces past behavior. Innovation grows out of oblige and challenge. It also comes from finding the right challenges to meet. The main role of the firms leader is to create the environment that meets these conditions.8. The new rules for innovation, a company should actively seek out pressure and challenge not try to avoid them. Part of the task is to take advantage of the home nation in ordinance to create the impetus for innovation.Some of the ways of doing so are seel to the most sophisticated and demanding buyers and channels seek out the buyers with the most difficult carrys, establish no rms of exceeding the toughest regulative hurdles of product standards, treat employees as permanent, and establish outstanding competitors as motivators.9. The true costs of stability. Such a search for a quiet life, and comprehendible instinct, has led many companies to buy direct competitors or from alliances with them, in a closed, static world, monopoly would indeed be the most comfortable and profitable solution.In reality competition is dynamic. Good managers always run a little scared, they respect and study competitors. Seeking out and meeting challenges is part of their organizational norm. A firm need not exclusively serve demanding buyers nor should it compete head on with any rival. The aim in seeking pressure and challenge is to create the conditions in which competitive advantage can be preserved. In global competition, the pressures of demanding local buyers, capable suppliers, and aggressive domestic rivalry are even more valuable and demand for long-term profitab ility.These drive the firm to a faster rate of progress and upgrading than international rivals, and lead to sustained competitive advantage and superior long-term profitability. A tough domestic industry structure creates advantage in the international industry. A comfortable, easy home base, in contrast, leaves a firm vulnerable to rivals who applaud greater dynamism at home. If a firm lacks the pressures for improvement and innovation, it must create them10. Perceiving industry change. One of the most important advantages an industry can have is early insight into important needs, environmental forces and trends that others have not noticed. theatres gain competitive position before rivals perceive an opportunity and are able to respond. position and serve buyers with the most prevenient needs. Some buyers will confront new problems or have new needs before others, because of their demographics, location, industry, or strategy. Buyer with anticipatory needs should be identified , particularised as priorities and cultivated. Discover and highlight trends in factor costs. Increases in the costs of particular factor or other inputs may luff future opportunities to leapfrog competitors by innovating to deploy inputs more effectively or to avoid the need for them altogether.Maintain ongoing relationship with centers of research and sources of the most talented people. discover the places in the nation where the best new knowledge is being created that is now or might become relevant to its industry. Identify school, companies, institutions where the best specialized gentleman resources needed in the industry are being trained. Invest time and money. Study all competitors, especially the new and unconventional ones. A firm should designate the most forward-looking or unconventional competitors for particular study, including foreign competitors who may enjoy the benefits of a very different home base.Learn from competitors as to develop strategies to respon d them. Bring some outsiders into the management team. Managers from other companies or industries or from the companys foreign subsidiaries. Benefit the innovation process.11. International within the national cluster. Firm gains competitive advantage from the presence in its home nation of world-class buyers, suppliers and related industries. Have a strong cluster at home unblocks the flows of training and allows deeper and more open contract than in possible when dealing with foreign firms. Buyers, channels and suppliers.Recognizing that home-based buyers and suppliers are allies in international competition, a firm must persuade regular senior management contact, formal and ongoing interchange between research organizations, reciprocity in serving as test sites for new products or services and cooperation in penetrating and serving international markets. Related industries. Industries those are related or potentially related in terms of technology, channels, buyers, or the way buyers obtain or use products, are potentially important to creating and staining competitive advantage.Locating within the nation. A firm should locate activities and its headquarters at those locations in the nation where there are concentrations of sophisticated buyers, important suppliers, groups of competitors, or especially significant factor-creating mechanisms for its industry. Geographic proximity makes the relationship within a cluster closer and more fluid.12. Serving home base buyers who are international and multinational. Identify and serve buyers at home that it can also serve abroad.13. improving the national competitive environment.14. Diversification.Part of company strategy in virtually every nation. Acquisitions were involved in international success stories, the acquisitions were often modest or center ones that served as an initial entry point or reinforced an internal entry. Theory for variegation strategy are as followNew industries for diversification sho uld be selected where a favorable national diamond is present or can be created. Diversification proposals should be screened for the attractiveness of the home base.Diversification is most likely to succeed when it follows or extends clusters in which the firm already competes.Internal development of new businesses, supplemented by small acquisitions, is more likely to create and sustain competitive advantage than the acquisition of large, established companies.Diversification into businesses, lacking common buyers, channels, suppliers or close technological connections is not only likely to fail but will also pervert the prospects for sustaining advantage in the core businesses.15. To sustain competitive advantage in global industries, a firm must sell to all significant hoidenish markets. Identifying such buyers in other nations will help a firm understand the most stimulate rapid progress in products and services.16. A firm must be willing to source products or equipment from foreign firms if they are superior. Also work to upgrade local suppliers. Loyalty to domestic suppliers, for its own sake, is at last self-defeating. The best form for this is to confront them in no uncertain terms with the need to match their foreign competitors in quality and productivity in ready to retain the business.A firm aspiring to competitive advantage must be aware of, and ideally have some access to, all the important scientific work going on in the world that is related to its industry.17. A firm must be the best rivals in the marketplace in order to sustain and upgrade its advantage. Must find a way to gain advantage over the best rivals in order to assure its market position. reckon rivals in all the important markets is to deny them profits in safe markets that can be used to cross-subsidize low profits in contested markets.18. hold a location that will expose the firm to significant needs and pressures lacking at home. The purpose is to learn as well as throw o ut the odds that information passes credibly back to the home base.19. Foreign acquisitions can serve for gain access to a foreign market or to selective skills and to gain a highly favorable national diamond.20. Alliances or coalitions are final mechanism by which firm can seek to tap national advantages in other nations. Alliances take form as joint ventures, licenses, sales agreements and supply agreements. Alliances are a tempting solution to the dilemma of a firm seeking the home-base advantages of another nation without giving up its own (are rarely a solution).21. Real leaders believe in change. Energize their organizations to meet competitive challenges. Find ways of overcoming the filters that limit information and prevent innovation. Have a broad view of competition in which their national environment is integral to competitive success. Work hard to improve that environment and to encourage appropriate government policies.

10 examples of political rhetoric Essay

1. Medicare is the binding commitment of a caring society.In President Bushs State of the Union Address, he describes what medicare is to the public. I honestly cannot make any sense of this statement. It sounds like he is trying to make Medicare into something it is not. It appears that Mr. Bush is just trying to sound intelligent in my opinion.2. axis of rotation of evilThis is the term by which President Bush refers to North Korea, Iraq, and Iran he uses this term so people will associate these countries with evil. He is well-favored enemies a name that makes them look worse to the public.3. Weapons of mass destructionPresident Bush uses this term to make the atomic/nuclear weapons that Iraq supposedly possesses seem much intimidating to the public. He is literally trying to scare people with this rhetoric. After people hear and believe this phrase, any action that Bush chooses to carry protrude on Iraq will seem justifiable.4. Evil doersRather than naming the specific people o r group he is speaking of (such as Osama bin-Laden or members of the stand network), Bush refers to them as evil doers, which is a very emotionally charged phrase, used to ensure that the public share his sentiments toward the evil doers.5. Shuttle contingency in the lead NASA was positive that the shuttle Columbia had exploded, the situation was referred to as a contingency (a possible emergency).6. Inner-city areas99% of the time the phrase inner-city area is used it is referring to an African-American or Hispanic neighborhood. They use this term because its more politically correct.7. Equal OpportunityThis term is used usually when one minority is, in reality, getting preferential treatment in order to make things equal.8. War on TerrorThis phrase is used to imply that the U.S.A. is targeting possible or actual terrorists and more than ready for war with them.9. War on DrugsThis phrase is used to imply stricter drug policies on people and places by longer prison sentences, mand atory minimums, and many other tougher penalties for drug offenders.10. Third World NationWhen someone refers to a third world nation, they are referring to a quite poor, underdeveloped nation.

Philosophers skepticism Essay

Skepticism, which derives from the Greek word skeptesthai, is the philosophical outlook that declares knowing anything with assurance is impossible. This term ignore also signify an unwillingness to accept anything without sufficient inference. Skepticism originated in the 5th century BC in Greece when indisputable philosophers began to express their doubts about how certain they could be about the knowledge they obtained and lived by. These philosophers include Protagoras of Abdera (480-411 BC) and Gorgias (485-380 BC), whom both showed skepticism about the world and how it is perceived.Protagoras is reported to have said that, man is the measure of all things Moore and Bruder (2005). He meant that each persons opinions are different, so what is true for one person may not be for another person. Gorgias has said nothing exists if anything does exist, it stoogenot be known if anything exists and can be known, it cannot be communicated Moore and Bruder (2005). Gorgiass theory was self explanatory nothing exists and even if it did, it cannot be communicated. Therefore, there is no real proof that something exists at all.The history of Skepticism has three predominate periods the pre-Academic, the Academic and the post Academic. The pre Academic period started with Pyrrho, who was from the western side of the Greek Pelopnnesus, Elis. He believed that true worldly concern is unknown so judgments should not be do by anyone. Pyrrho was like Socrates because he never kept a record of his philosophy in writing. For that reason, near information regarding Pyrrho comes from his pupils writings, Timon. Pyrrho preferred to provide his followers with tools to live a commendable life, which included peaceful living according to the laws during his time.Pyrrho also believed that the fivesome senses are contradictory of one another when referred to nature and essence. For example, when a person tastes honey, is the sweetness in the honey or in that person? This questio n is raised(a) because what tastes good to one person may be tasteless to another. Certain foods may also look tasty but have a bitingly taste (diCarlo, 2009). In these snap officular instances, the five senses are contradictory of one another. Pyrrho and Timon both believed that the conflicting suppositions regarding nature are impossible to decide since valid arguments can be made for each side.The Academic period began after the death of Socrates, when Plato started The Academy, a school of philosophy located in Athens. Academic skeptics introduced two in-chief(postnominal) elements to skepticism the front included developing an organized attack toward doctrinaire positions, including the metaphysics of Plato the second included the development of rules and vocabulary to cope and interact with their experiences. One of the first Academic skeptics was Arcesilaus (315 BCE-240 BCE), who was the leader of Platos Academy.He channeled his energy toward the Stoics, who believed cer tain views are self evidently true, therefore, they cannot be doubted. The Post-Academic Skeptics included Aenesidemus and Sextus Empiricus. Aenesidemus developed the tropoi (10 modes of skepticism), a set of doubting argument forms, or modes, to show that judgment must be withheld on any issue. These 10 modes of skepticism ranged from perception differences to cultural differences, and allowed a skeptic to criticize any metaphysical doctrine (diCarlo, 2009).Sextus created Empiricuss Outlines of Pyrrhonism, which, described a school of thought which was named after the philosopher Pyrrho of Elis (c. 365-275 B. C. )( Sextus Empiricuss Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 2006). In the world today, skepticism is a part of human nature. Most people raise doubt because of inexperience or bad experiences from their past. Some individuals, like law enforcement incumbents and judges, are forced to be incredulous everyday due to their occupations. Critical decisions have a lasting effect on their l ives, and the lives of those they are associated with during work.Law enforcement officers put their lives on the line everyday so skepticism is necessary to survive. Police officers are required to be doubtful because they could become vulnerable or naive if they allow others to fool them. Simply pull someone over for a traffic violation could turn fatal if the officers do not think critically and take certain safety measures. Although the officer may have intentions on just writing the person a citation, they might feel threatened and become violent.Judges are also set about with skepticism on a daily basis because there are two sides of the story, and the judge makes the decisions. The judge has to make the right choice and determine who is existence honest based on evidence and their experience. Skepticism plays a major role because the judges are usually familiar with the body language and gestures made by someone who is guilty, so they become skeptical of their behavior. Ove rall, society displays skepticism about the smallest things because bad experiences or gullibility.ReferencesMoore, Brooke N. , & Bruder, Kenneth. (2005). Philosophy The Power of Ideas (6th ed. ). McGraw-Hill Companies. PhilosophyOnline (2009). A Brief accounting of Scepticism. PhilosophyOnline. co. uk. Retrieved July 24, 2009, from http//www. philosophyonline. co. uk/tok/scepticism8. htm Sextus Empiricuss Outlines of Pyrrhonism (2006). Alex Scott. Retrieved July 24, 2009, from http//www. angelfire. com/md2/timewarp/skepticism. html The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2006). Aenesidemus (1st Cn. CE). The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 24, 2009, from http//www. iep. utm. edu/a/aeneside. htm

Australian Cultural Identity

The Australian poet Bruce Dawe was one of the first Australian poets to recognise the average Australian as one who neither lives in the country or in the centre of a metropolis but in the middle screen suburbs that expand external from the cities. He writes for the great middle mass of Australian population about matters of social, political and cultural interests. Though Dawe is well aware of the sense of the ironic in city and suburban lifetime in Australia that not all is well in the average Australians life in suburbia.Bruce Dawe poems often vexations the average Australian raft in the suburbs confronting their everyday problems, he observes and records the sorrow and hardships of average people struggling to survive. Our cultural individuality even a stereotypical view of Australians is that were compendious, anti authority and we live in democratic society. Bruce Dawes views on Australian cultural identity are represented in Life Cycle Up The Wall and Homo Suburbiensi s. Life Cycle represents the proud and passionate nature of Australian people especially at sporting events.Life Cycle is obviously about Australian Rules Football and football teams supporters from when they are young to when they are old. Their faint- sorenessed passion for their club when they are young Carn, Carn they Cry feebly at first to when they are old and proud and passionate supporters. They are brought up from the set-back with football in their blood, when they play football and win they are praised and showered with glory but when they lose they are shunned by proud parents.Dawe is well aware of the excesses, the lunacies of the Australian Rules supporter but the poem is not attacking what might appear to be an Australian social evil. Dawe borrows many liturgical statework forcets to emphasise the passion of Australian Rules followers. They will not grow old as those from more Northern States grow old borrowed from Binyons To the Fallen links in with the patriotic A nzacs who fought against the betting odds with pridefulness and dignity. The football followers are patriotic about their team and the true followers support their team through thick and thin.On the football world race and ethnicity mean nothing it is forgotten, physical prowess and class of the player dictate peoples views on the player. You would love him or hate him depending on which team you followed. A strong image of an Australian society that is proud and passionate is represented in Life Cycle but sometimes this pride and passion is taken to seriously and it can ruin the sport and turn it into something of a social evil. Bruce Dawe in Life Cycle represents the football as a culture, a religion, onward of life for many Australian people.Sport in Australia is significantly more popular then in most places in the world as Bruce Dawe said when he commented on Life Cycle I think all Australians have something of a predisposition to treat sport as organism just a bit more rel igious than in other places. Just looking at the newspapers and its obvious that football dominates the sport surgical incision it is Australias national game an icon that only Australians know. Bruce Dawe recognises how significant sport in particular Australian Rules is to the average Australian it is away of life a culture.Chicken Smallhorn a former Fitzroy wingman that gained god like status among the Fitzroy followers for his exploits on the football field, Chicken Smallhorn return like maize-god in a thousand shapes, the dancers changing Like race and ethnicity religion is forgotten on the football field, all players and supporters have one religion or aim sort of to win the Grand Final and place their hands on the premiership trophy, the holy grail of football. Like a religion the supporters hope for salvation, whenever their team is losing and having a majestic season they hope their clubs season will change they remain optimistic.Having seen the six-foot recruit from Eagl ehawk their hope for salvation The true supporters remain through the slumps of their club they believe in their club it is their religion. The poem Homo Suburbiensis represents a classical suburban household set on a quarter-acre block with a flower garden and lawn in front and a vegetable garden with lawn at the back. Dawes view of Australian cultural identity is that where people live in the typical Australian suburbs where it is an egalitarian society which is laidback and laconic.The imagery suggests that Dawe is both celebrating suburbia, small-arm in some ways puts down the suburban householders dreams The rich smell of compost and rubbish. The space taken vastly by overcrowds dry land with drying plants represent the overcrowding of suburbia. His thoughts are lost escaping the pressures that comes with life. The traffic unescapable to his mind. Dawe shows a sympathetic look towards this person lost in a green confusion, as even in the retreat of his backyard he still cannot escape the lifestyle of suburbs.Though in comparison to a womans life in the suburbs it is significantly better. The public security, beauty of nature and freedom he encounters in is backyard allows him to relax in his middle class life. To be quotidian in Australia, whether in the suburbs or in the city, is the norm for men to hide their concerns and troubles. The image of green beauty, fertile and fecard backyard and the man admiring his backyard in middle class suburbia represents the laconic laidback attitude and the peace he encounters in his backyard.This is a good example of an ordinary life, as this particular person needs to escape the pressures, which highlight TIME, PAIN, LOVE, HATE, AGE, EMOTION, and laugh. All which are present and Dawe makes that aware of an ordinary Australian life. Being achieved in his back yard. Representative of a modest life but a life lived fully in suburbia. A clear image in Homo Suburbiensis is of your typical Australian bloke, who comes h ome after work and relaxes in his backyard as the sunsets. This is part of the Australian dream to come home after work do a nice family and relax in the outdoors in a peaceful backyard in suburbia.Bruce Dawe himself was once portrayed as an ordinary bloke with a difference, an Australian Ocker who believes in the simple things in life. Dawe maintains that there is one unending value in an unstable world where politics play a major role. The man is a suburban householder with an ordinary Australian life standing alone in his backyard on a quiet evening among his vegetables. Dawe understand the ordinary life of a man as when he was jr. he didnt hold a regular job and knocked around giving him a rich experience of the occupations of an ordinary man.He also understands the language of the parking lot man and writes in simple everyday language. The laconic wit of the ordinary working-man, backyard speech patterns combined with Dawes own flair for word play allowed him to create the ev eryday common Australian in such poems as Homo Suburbiensis. The typical male in suburbia is that of a middle class white Anglo-Saxon with piddling religious believes but most probably Christian backgrounds. Though this means little in suburbia where everyone is even in their backyard admiring the beauty and peace of Australia.While life is predominantly easy and peaceful for the male life can be significantly harder for women in suburbia. In Up the Wall the middle class homemaker life is illustrated as hard irritating work. Her isolation is emphasised in the second stanza with the repetition of she says this represents the vacuum in which her speech occurs. Her husband confusable to the male in Homo Suburbiensis is at work all day remains in his mannish world at home within the suburbs offers little help and pays little attention to his wife. There is little sense of community and support within the Australian suburbs.The male voice only appears in the last(a) couplet where th e final powerful appraisal is made of the poems content. The domestic life of the housewife after he has spoken the matter ends. This structure replicates the power of the masculine head of the household all be it in the one hundred sixtys but we still live in a patriarchal society. It also reveals the disjunction between the masculine and feminine worlds and how little he appreciates what his wife goes through each day. The presence of his fraud contrasts heavily with her aloneness.The Cultural identity for women and men varies men are laidback laconic ockers while women are middle class housewives without a job. The structure and form of Up the Wall allows us to sympathise with the housewifes life in the suburbs. Dawe uses the Shakespearean sonnet form ironically the readers expectations of the form as a portrayal of love are dismantled just as the readers assumption about marriage are overturned. The iambic pentameter is used to represent the restriction monotony and tension of a suburban housewife live in the 160s.It also challenges the readers expectations as we sympathise with her as she struggles through everyday while her anger and tension rises. other(a) poetic techniques such as caesura and enjambment are used also to represent the constant interruption to her day and the rising anger and tension she feels in her repetitious life in suburbia. She has little cultural identity just one of a middle class suburban housewife in 160s Australia. The average Australian living in the middle class suburbs that expands outward from the cities has a strong cultural identity.Dawe represent Australia as a suburban based country with strong links to sport while being laconic and laidback. Men enjoy a laconic lifestyle enjoying sport while women have a less enjoyable lifestyle suffering from the stress and tension of being a middle class housewife in suburbia. Bruce Dawe writes poems for these ordinary Australians about matters that interest them such as politica l, social and cultural concerns. Dawe celebrates aspects of urban and suburban life while also satirically criticising suburbia, where Dawe believes the heart of Australian cultural identity can be found, suburbia.

Debtor Appeal of Boston Essay

1. Case name and citation In re Boston shipyard Corp. , Debtor petition of Boston Shipyard Corp. , No. 89-1144 United States court of Appeals, first Circuit. 886 F. 2d 451 Heard June 7, 1989. Decided September 1989 Before CAMPBELL, Chief Judge Reinhardt and Toruella circuit Judges. Its alleged that the judgement in this case was not fair by the fact that the order court that confirmed the loser of Boston Shipyard Corporation, BSC in favor of the appellee , the US army Sealift Command, MSC. 2. Key FactsBSC entered into agreement with MSC to revamp and repair the USNS Mississinewa (a water vessel) at a final pay of $ 4,997,925. Having been not fully aware, it turned out that the get under ones skin essential much more in expenses than it was originally estimated. On realizing change in the contract specifications it filed a change authorization order so that the race could be done with the permission of their client MSC. The orders however accumulated at the MSCs table such that their delayed resolution resulted to a full pecuniary implication towards BSC.Till August 1985, BSCs financial condition had worsened a situation that required the contract partner, MSC to make payments. ill luck of MSC to pay BSC led to termination of the contract. The pulling out of the contract by BSC Comp either was based on the fact that the latter company had been declared bankrupt. Its reported that on October 17th due to failure of MSC to compensate BSC, and was terminated by the organisation (Wests Federal Reporter, 1990). 3. Legal issues presented in the first place CourtAmong the legal issues presented before the court were several factors. That one, BSC as a company pulled out of a contract it had entered into with the US Military Sealift Command, MSC. The south issue was the fact that the latter, (MSC) had declined to make payments to the contractual partner, (Boston Shipyard Corporation, BSC), to cater for the extra expenses that were not budgeted for by the co mpany. The US Military Sealift Command, MSC was supposed to cater for these bell overruns in order for BSC to provide its services.4. Holding of the court The US government, on February 25th 1986, through the US Bankruptcy Court, filed a proof of claim of $ 9. 2 million in Reprocurement costs. On the other hand, BSC, objecting to the Proof of Claim, filed a counter Proof of Claim, which was meant to convert the terminated contract into one that could benefit the government. Six months down the line, the bankruptcy court on making first hearing, it passed a judgement that favoured the government on the basis that BSC had without excuse withdrawn from the contract.This was further accepted to at the district court, a decision that BSC appeals to. 5. Reasoning (rationale) That a cardinal change is created or comes to exist in a contract when the contractor finds that he or she is required to execute tasks that are materially different from those that were originally bargained for at the start. Such changes are not subject to rectification, and so the judging on this, the government was in breach (Wests Federal Reporter, 1990).Basing on the fact that this contract was a call and inspect type, which implied that the vessels had to be opened first and scrutinized before establishing the whole cost to be involved in the contract. BSC may not be justified to abandon or pull out of the contract basing on the change orders pen to MSC. Delay in the kick off of a contract is expected in any contractual agreement (Magoba Construction Company vs. United States).talking of the incapability of BSC to deliver its services due to financial incapacity, one may argue that a contractors default may be pardoned if the causes come along to be beyond his control (ruling of Southeastern Airways Corporation vs. United States). However, its generally understood that as a contractor who makes and accepts bids from the government or any other individual, he should be having enough fun ds to support the contract. This is subject to change.Justification of the contractors default may be carried out only if the experienced financial problems were caused by factors beyond the companys control or by the company itself (ruling of the case of National Eastern Corporation vs. United States). BSC also argues that the governments delay to pay it some amount of money resulted to it being unable to respond to a contract worth $ 6. 5 million. This is not true. shew has, right from the beginning that BSC had a thin financial base before the contract was initiated (Wests Federal Reporter, 1990)At the same time, no blame was to be put on MSC for having caused any delay or disruption. Hence, conclusively, BSCs financial incapacitation deterred the take-off of the contract. A different decision on this would make government contracts quite an unworkable, and hence contractors would demand refund, and or financial consideration for any cost overruns. References Wests Federal Repo rter (1990) Cases argued and determined in the United States courts of appeals and brief Emergency Court of Appeals, University of California, p. 452

Duffys poetry Essay

A critic has writ7ten that Duffys poetry is primarily concerned with human impuissances. To what issue do you feel this is true of The Worlds wife? Refer to two or three verse forms in position or range more widely through the whole collection. Carol Ann Duffys collection of The Worlds wife revolves a lot around the subject of human failings. Duffys use of everyday language onlyows her metrical compositions to be interpreted by everyone. In the collection of The Worlds Wife she tackles serious issues such as gender, contemporary culture, insanity and social inequality.These themes allow her to writing to appeal to a contemporary audience and delivers key messages. The theme of dignity is seen in several poems, in Mrs Icarus we see that she finds his arrogance unappealing and that she feels as if men feel they back defy the acts of God hes a total, utter absolute, Grade A pillock. This is similar to Faust, who interchange his sole to the devil in return for twenty-four ye ars of unlimited pleasure, knowledge and power he boasts I spent the night being pleasured by a virtual Helen of Troy. Dr Faustus lack of self control, ignorance and airfield arrogance could be assumed to be a failing, although he lived a happy life his inhibitions to be successful he needed the aid of the devil therefore he was doomed from the beginning. present we goat see the obvious links between the two poems and how the two characters egotistical ways led to their failure. oneness interesting failure Duffy uses is seen in the poem The Devils Wife, Duffy interestingly splits this poem into six sections which all rival back to different themes, we see the value of a relationships, motherhood and repentance.The poem is written based on the background history of the Moors Murders, with the protagonist Myra Hindley and how she became besotted with sociopath Ian Brady. In the first ramify of the poem we as the readers see how Duffy, displays Hindley as being the ordinary offic e worker with a crush I scowled and poured and sneered. I gave as good as good as I got till he asked me break through we scum bag see that she was the one who initiated the whole relationship. The story changes He entered me. From this moment she was now his, this could be some other failing that men have more control than women and she was just his puppet he made me bury a birdie. Duffy uses an interesting metaphor here, she say doll instead of a child as a doll is thought to be a childs toy and just a possession which they lastly no longer require. It ends with I felt like this Tongue of stone. Two black slates for eyes. Thumped wound of a mouth. Nobodys Mam. We can see that she has become so obsessed with him, her life has changed forever.Also we be able to identify a nonher theme of motherhood, people were unable to understand how Hindley was able to commit the close to abhorrent, sadistic and unforgivable crimes against children as women are associated with protective mother make do. We then see that in the deuce-ace part of the poem, Duffy uses a sonnet in an untraditional form instead of it being the ordinary love poem, the lack of punctuation shows Hindleys state of mind and shes finally repenting and blaming Brady for all of the murders. The final part of the poem gives different forms of execution and she finally admits she was in fact the Devil wife.Although this poem is lengthy, the key themes all relate to the main subject of human failings, love is a key importance in this poem He held my heart in his fist and squeezed it dry. Here we can see that men are paramount in relationships and Brady was in control of Hindley, which could be deemed a failing. Also motherhood is a joyous lay out in life and could be one of the most important things in life plainly Hindley displays stolidity towards children and lets Brady control her life I flew in my chainswhere wed buried the doll. Finally we see another theme of repentance Get me a Bible honestly promise you swear but by the time she finally realised her mistakes it was too late. Another them used is Power, this could also be assumed as a failing. In Mrs Midas, in which she finds that everything her husband touches turns to gold soon after she realises the marriage will not work because of her husbands selfishness. I thought of the Field of the Cloth of Gold and of Miss Macready. Here we can see that her husband valued wealth above everything else, but it wasnt until he accidently stirred his daughter he realised the mistake of his greed that was his failing. In The Kray Sisters, Duffy subverts the original story by utilise female portrayals instead of men the poem uses cockney slang which allows us as readers to interact more with the poem and makes it more believable. The Kray Twins ran a protective racket, and were well known West End gangsters. The poem actually displays the success of the twins and how they were feared among the streets.However interestingly this so-called look upon may have precondition the Krays the authority they wanted We wanted respect for the way we entered a bar, or handled a car, or shrivelled a hard-on with simply a menacing look However ultimately this respect led to the demise of the twins and they may have ruled the west end during their time but landed themselves a life-sentence in prison. Was it really worth it? Respect and honour are meant to be gain with dignity not by threatening and violating people therefore I think that although this poem contains lordly connotations it ultimately displays a failing.Duffys collection of the Worlds Wife is an interesting selection of poems and it is clear that one of the major themes associated with the collection is Human Failings, although these are not seen clearly and not every persona fails the actions they carry out could be assumed as a failing. The ironical and satirical way Duffy writes displays the dark humour of The Worlds Wife we can see that Duffy tr ies to impersonate the wives of famous characters both factious and fictions.

Nature vs. Nurture in Oliver Twist Essay

Out of totally the questions that anyone may have for the novel, Oliver Twist, one of the more familiar questions that can occur is What determines a psyches personality, decisions, actions, etc. Is nature to blame? Or is it evokes fault? Seeing as though Oliver was orphaned at birth and never had a real mother or siblings to look up to, this essay will focus on the set up section of the question. Nurture, by definition, is the value of experiences, cultural influences, and learned actions/reactions in a growing offsprings life. Nature is defined as the qualities with which people are born (including genetic make-up, stable personality traits, animals instincts, etc.) Oliver had more bad influences to decide that it may have been nature that had affected him the near in this situation. In all cases, the nature vs. nurture look at is one and the same.Caring for a child most assiduously is truly important, according to the definition of nurture, and within the story of Olive r Twist, the child never seemed to receive proper nurturing from any of the parochial people or thieves that he had accompanied. the Tempter writes the character of Oliver in a way that seems to cement his attitude in natures court that Oliver appears to be an innately good person. His experiences in the workhouse, the abuse he has to endure from Mr. Bumble and other characters, and his exposure to a life of crime does not make Oliver cover from good to bad. However, to assume that Dickens supports the idea that only nurture is responsible for determining a persons personality would be incorrect. In fact, other characters within the novel, assert that they are products of their environments.This means that characters such(prenominal) as Nancy, the Artful Dodger, and others have been molded by their experiences, which clearly supports nurtures side of the debate. From a scientific point of view, most psychologists agree that neither nature nor nurture can be held only responsibl e for the shaping of a persons personality. When faced with the nature vs. nurture debate in real situations, it is typically assumed that personality can be attributed partly to nature and partly to nurture. At first glance many of Dickenss characters appear to favor either nature or nurture, but further investigation shows that each character embodies traits that can be attributed to both.In Oliver Twist, Dickens draws the aid to numerous issues. For example, there is a very clear theme of disapproval of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment accomplishment (and its accompanying effects) throughout then novel. And while most of the other issues that Dickens includes in his writing are societal, he does bring up an interesting debate that has psychological roots. Although Oliver is surrounded by horrible situations, Dickens still had a tone of hope underscoring it all. At points, there were questions if that was because the reader knew what would happen in the end. still Dickens intended O liver Twist to be somewhat humorous.For example, by illustrating the dichotomy of the wealthy, fat parish leaders junket while orphaned workhouse children starve on gruel. In conclusion, both sides to the debate of whether or not Oliver was most affected by nature or nurture remains to the opinion of the reader. Of course there may be certain circumstances as to which side the reader may favor and Dickens had plausibly pursued that route, intending for the reader to decide Olivers fate. The nature vs. nurture argument pertains to anyone who wishes for a good debate in their reading selections of Charles Dickens.

Chinese Artifacts Essay

The artist of this calligraphy helix, Zhao Mengfu, was exceedingly praised by the Yuan emperor Renzong as matchless traditional Chinese polymath (for a lack of a better word). It is said that the emperor admired him for possessing the chase seven exposestanding qualities wide learning, Song royal ancestry, elegant and charismatic demeanor, pure character and innocuous conduct, literary accomplishment, mastery of calligraphy and painting skills, and profound knowledge of Buddhist and Daoist t apieceings.As an leading and authoritative calligraphy during his era, Zhao was able to successfully advocate and promote many of the views that he had on Chinese calligraphy. Zhao support a return to the ancient models, which integrated the Jin (265 420AD) and Tang (618 906AD) dynasty entitles to synthesize a new norm for prototype and cursive scripts. In later eras, many printed texts were modeled after the standard script that he helped create. Furthermore, the cursive style script, depicted in this scroll titled Four Anecdotes from the Life of Wang Xizhi, became the foundations of the informal calligraphic styles of those how succeeded him. unrivaled of the four anecdotes from the Life of Wang Xizhi tells the story of a time when Xizhi, a calligraphic sage, was extremely fond of the processed appearance of geese. In Shanyin there was a Daoist monk who had raised a flock of more than ten beauteous geese. One morning Wang decided to take a small boat and go there. He was entranced with the geese and wanted to buy them, but the monk ref employ to sell. Wang tried in vain to persuade him. Finally, the monk told Wang that he loved Daoist philosophy and had always wanted a transcription of Laozis Daodejing with its commentary by Heshanggong.He had already prepared the silk, but no one was qualified to write it. He asked if Wang would condescend to put down two chapters each from the Dao and De sections, for which he would give Wang the whole flock. Wang stayed for half a day to write out the chapters, then he caged the geese and returned home. (Citation) In many ways, this story possesses many aspects of traditional Daoist philosophies. Firstly, the events and interactions between the Monk and Xizhi is highly reflective of the interdependence between beings.Furthermore, the fact that the Monk refuse to trade his geese through monetary center underlines Daoist de-emphasis of material objects, especially something as superficial as money. Rather, the Monk was willing to give up his geese for an implementation Xizhis skill and mastery of calligraphy. In a way, this reveals belief that an individual should play the role of what he or she was meant. In other words, the Monks offer of his geese for calligraphy mirrors some sort of a natural guidance for Xizhi to walk in accordance to the Way.In summary, the story told through the calligraphy of this scroll is highly relavent to the Daoist themes that were studied throughout the course. headi ng Buddhist stele, Tang dynasty (618906), ca. 700 Origins china Material Black limestone sur slope H. 64 1/2 in. (163. 7 cm) This relic originates from the temple in the Xinxiang County in the central Chinese province of Henan. A stele is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorating purposes, near usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living inscribed, carved in easement or painted onto the slab.In this case, the Buddhist stele is made of sable limestone and is curved to give the lineation of the figure of Guanyin. In this stele, we see many of the symbolism commonly studied in the Chinese Buddhism. Firstly, the graceful of stance the pair of bodhisattvas implicates a noble yet welcoming gesture which is reflective of the characters theor sage-hood. Secondly, judging by the small objects inscribed on the crown a figure of the Buddha they represent Guanyin (Avalokiteshvara), one of the principal bod hisattvas associated with the elegant Land cult.Despite the damages accumulated over time, the gentle S- ascertain swing of the bodhisattvas bodies gives an essence of individuality to each of the figures. The Western Pure Land sect, derived from the teachings of the Buddha Amitabha, was the sect that attracted the largest number of followers. As we have discussed in class, this was most believably due to the motivation that salvation awaits each and every devotee in a paradise laid in the western realm of Buddhist cosmology. The ability of Buddhism to discuss subjects like the afterlife was one of the largest sources of its popularity.This black limestone stele is one of the best examples of Buddhist devotional art in the Tang period of Chinese history. Object Central watchtower, architectural model, Eastern Han dynasty (25220), 1stearly 3rd century Origin chinaware Material Earthenware with green lead glaze Size H. 41 in. (104. 1 cm) The Han dynasty (206 B. C. 220 A. D. ) is d eemed to be one of the most important and inflectional dynasties in pre-modern China due to it lasting effects in imperial organise and formation of a national consciousness.Chinese people, until today, still refer to themselves as Han Chinese. Furthermore, the architecture styles that were establish during the Han period layed the ground works for the architecture of the eras to follow. Han architecture was a grand improvement to the architecture of those that present them it includes vast palatial complexes, towered gateways, and city walls were built as symbols of power and prestige as well as for defense.This model art piece embodies many of the essential features of Han architecture the overhanging tiles supported by the roof, the four sided style infrastructure and the stacking effect. In many ways, this specific model, less a few details, is reminiscent of the temple edifice the class visited for the lecture on Buddhism. In relation to our studies, a great variety of thes e architectural models were utilize in the decoration of the tomb in the Han era to show the status of the person being buried.Object Spouted ritual wine vessel (guang), Shang dynasty, early Anyang period (ca. 13001050 b. c. ), 13th century b. c. Origin Possibly Anyang, Henan Province, China Material Bronze Size W. 13 in. (33 cm) This artefact, a bronze casted vessel, dates back to the late Shang era (ca. 13001050 B. C. ). The shape of the wine vessel is said to be loosely based on a figure of a bird this is identifiable through the hooked beak feature and glaring eyes effect from the face on view. As we have studied, the Shang people had many beliefs about the spiritual world.This vessel is believed to have been used to pour wine and other beverages in ceremonies involving Shang ruler and their ancestors and supernatural forces. Other feature on the vessel includes coiled serpents emerging from the wings, roaring tiger-dragons prowling along the sides, horned bird that serves as a handle. This existence an artifact of this age gives us insights into the superior technology of casting in ancient China. The complicated multilayered designs are incomparable by other cultures of the time.It is believed that the technique used for this the bronze casting is through a ceramic seal and the usage of an interior clay core. Motel bronze is then poured into filled the empty space between the multiform design and the core. Once the clay core was emptied out, the result is the astonishing bronzed vessel with complex designed as described. Again, such artifacts can be used to validate the hypotheses and speculations about the technologies and lifestyle during an ancient shade like the Shang.

Effective Reading Strategy for Efl Students in No.9 Middle School in Beijing Essay

1. 1 Background of contain In China, position is a compulsory course, so in Chinese education system has an examination at the final end of each(prenominal) term in Junior or Senior high groom. In the examination, it is to the highest degreely habitd as a way to test students English level, so English fails an consequential course in schooling education. The exam exit test students incliningening, indi brush offt and writing index. Therefore teachers argon opening to a greater extent attention on students mogul on information, listening and writing.Based on detective recording to the highest degree inform cultivation, searcher wants to do some look for intimately investigating what type sicters cases of cognitive breeding strategies be engrossd in core school in Beijing. Aim at cognitive variation strategy police detective wants to the searching close to it. And which unmatched is the most familiarly partd during the denotation class. with the r esearcher tries to find some problems to statement at the same clock time, it in addition referred in the research. Research composing is more(prenominal) foc practised on students containing strategy and teachers training suffice.For experienced teachers, who ar cheeseparing at summing up experience through their doctrine then using in the direction surgical process. Through this study researcher gets more information about how to breeding drill and knowledge strategies. 1. 2 Statement of the bother Researcher finds some problem when doing the research. In the real classroom, teachers have no enough time to demote exercises for disparate level of students when they did indication class. In Chinese secondary school, English teacher should attention on arrange time effectively.Give enough time onteaching four basic skills listening, speaking, class period and writing and doing exercises at the same time. Sometimes students undersidet concentrate on these four s kills, how to ameliorate their ability in those four skills in the same time is the problem. As a researcher collect research some teachers and related their teaching experiences they told some skills that teacher should change some basic teaching methods in their classroom . Teacher atomic weigh 18 not limited on traditional English teaching, notwithstanding also created some brisk methods to adapt on assorted level of students in the classroom teaching. efficaciously and improve their ability is important.Teachers atomic number 18 not alone teaching association but also pay attention on students stance and taken in strategies in the classroom. The research is search about teaching meter teaching strategy in Chinese midst school. Researcher chooses a famous middle school to make out the questionnaires. However the defect is altogether of records be coming from same school. It dismiss not wide-cut access to information and data. It is a problem for the researc h. To hit the goals researcher should considers how to choose different level students to finish the questions and consider the teachers experiences to complete every(prenominal) questions.It is a challenge for researcher. 1. 3 Aims of the study This research is aimed to find out one riding habitful cognitive learning strategy among the students used when they doing translation. It can promote students rendition ability when they doing exercises or in the examination. It also becomes a useful strategy when students do reading wisdom in the examination. Although there argon more types of cognitive reading strategy in reading comprehension, how to choose one strategy when students doing reading is become a problem and it also can jockstrap students save time during their English examination. 1.4 Research objectives At the end of the research, researcher bequeath list of some reading strategies when teacher teaching reading in the class. after(prenominal) analyze the data, choose one strategy is used among students used. The research objectives are 1 To investigate the cognitive reading strategies in a middle school students in Beijing 2. To investigate which type of cognitive reading strategy is most commonly used among the students. 1. 5 Research questions The research will seek answers to the following questions 1 What are the cognitive reading strategies of middle school students in Beijing?2 Which type is the most common used by the students? 1. 6 Rationale of the study Because the research is survey about reading strategies, so in the beginning of the research, researcher will list down what are the types of reading strategies of middle school students in the school teaching. There are plenty of strategies for the beginner reader and many can be adapted to fit the take ons of more advanced readers as well. (Dorit Sasson, 2007). Then researcher chooses 45 students (15 students are attended in the navigate study) establish on their different g rades and gender to answer the question.Finally through analyze the data researcher chooses one common cognitive reading strategy is used in middle school students in Beijing. 7. Limitations of the study Research questionnaires are based on the No. 9 middle school students. Limited is both of the students and teachers are in the same school and numbers is the problem. Although their students levels are different but the whole English levels are not too low. And choose the students number is slight than get enough data. Both the quantity and quality are not exactly.So these are the demarcation about the research. CHAPTER ? LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction The first part of this section deals with the definitions of reading. Secondly it will hold forth about Issues relating to English in the secondary curriculum in China. Thirdly is reading strategies. The put up part will focus on the types reading strategies. Both of the contents are mainly concern in the real classroom in B eijing. 2. 2 Definitions of interpret Reading is a huge topic, potentially beset with myriad difficulties not easily addressed in a book of this length.Brindley (1994) in her launching to the Reading section of Teaching English offers a servingful starting process Reading is a complex area. We can use the term to mean the process itself, or a reaction to literary textbook. It is means reading is combine with other go to bedledge that used in the teaching English. Use the technical term to explain what is message and give the answers. Andersen et al. (1985) has shown that Reading is the process of construction meaning from written texts. It is a complex skill requiring the coordination of a number of interrelated sources of information. His opinions is talking about reading is a process which connected the writers writing skills and writing content. It inevitably reader has own reading skills or strategies to understand the meaning of reading materials. What the content is an d writer wanted conveyed the information to reader. It is a difficult intimacy between the writer and reader. There is a book By Joan Brooks McLane, Gillian Dowley McNamee, in one chapter is depict that Reading can be compared to the deed of a symphony orchestra.This analogy illustrates terce points. introductory, like the performance of a symphony, reading is a holistic act. It stands for when reader reading an article, they must focus on all contents and used different reading strategies, mobilize all positive factors that you have when they reading. Second, success in reading comes from example over long periods of time, like skill in playing musical instrument. Everyone know that want to be successful man, they must persist in one thing that they choose.Like a player play the wonderful music, they used lots of playing skills and they need long time to practice well. Reading is the same thing like player. If they want to master the reading strategies, they should study ho w to read and need lots of time to practice and improve their reading comprehension. Third, as with a musical s philia, there whitethorn be more than one interpretation of a text. The interpretation depends on the backcloth of the reader, the purpose for reading, and the consideration in which the reading occurs. It needs reader give their opinions after they reading the text.Because of there are many different between everyone, so after they read the text their dread is also different. 2. 3 Issues relating to English in the secondary curriculum in China Course Description In describing the role of a foreign language, the 1993 syllabus emphasized its instrumental prize for acquiring cultural and scientific knowledge, convocation information, and conducting confabulation with the world (Ministry of Education 1993 1). In the Chinese principle of curriculum, English as an important role in the secondary school teaching.The purpose is foreign language teaching in China was to me et the needs of the Open Door Policy and to speed up the socialist modernizations (Ministry of Education 1993 1). It stands for China should study how to become a modern country among all over the world. And welcome foreigners come China to do the demarcation or study. The new curriculum is changed. Using English for the acquisition of knowledge and recognizes the humanistic value of a language in the transformation of the mulcters cognitive and personal make growment beyond its instrumental value in knowledge acquisition. English is becoming a popular course in the new principle of curriculum. bookmans should learn more knowledge not limited in the grammar or the acquisition, but also for the human values benefit and personal teaching. English language acquirement, as described in the 2003 curriculum guidelines, can help students develop intelligence, affect, attitudes, values, and character (Ministry of Education 2003 1). The Ministry of Education is more attention on stude nts to built good educate environment and provide fully development space for students.Course Objectives The 1993 syllabus stressed twain basics basic linguistic knowledge and basic language skills. It is traditional and easy syllabus for students to do sooner 2003. However in 2003, The Ministry of Education published new syllabus objectives is to help students further straighten out the purpose of learning English and develop autonomous learning and cooperative learning abilities to help students develop effective English learning strategies (Ministry of Education 2003 2).Students language use ability is based on a mastery of knowledge, skills, affect, learning strategies, and cultural awareness (Ministry of Education 20032). Students should master one language when they learning in the classroom. According to the new curriculum, An English course should help develop students critical thinking ability, information gathering and compendium ability, problem solving ability, and a world vision (Ministry of Education 2003 2), which are essential for a citizen in the twenty-first century (Pasch and Norsworthy 2002).English is become a course in the classroom teaching and popular in China. It develops students ability in all aspects. All these reflect a humanistic approach, which, consort to Johnson and Johnson (1998 158), respects the integrity of learners, allowing for personal growth and responsibility, taking psychological and affective factors into account and representing whole-person learning, going significantly beyond the use of English as a conduit of knowledge acquisition. It needs learners has own opinions and some factors will change based on their experiences and reality.Course Design The 1993 syllabus required only one compulsory module. There were no specifications for the teaching aims and demands for Grade 1. Grade 2 and Grade 3 shared one set of aims and demands in general and distinctions were made only in some aspects of listening, spea king, reading and writing for the 2 grades. It means there is no specific teaching aim between lead grades. And how to distinguish by some aspects on four teaching skills, there are listening, speaking, reading and writing.The new curriculum offers both modules (one compulsory and one elective) and grades the aims and demands with a four-band system according to learners language use ability, and describes each component at different bands in detail. From the new curriculum syllabus, it has targeted for each grades of students and the aims of teaching aid. The ability-banded framework can help solve such problems as the unbalanced development of the curriculum in different regions, the learning gaps between different stages (primary, junior secondary and senior secondary), and the waste of resources as a result of repeat in the curricula.Based on different backgrounds and others, teacher used different methods. The ability-banded design also provides more flexibility and openness in the curriculum, making it more possible to teach students with diverse competences. Students can learn special technical skills provide the needs of social. Teaching Aims and Demands For teaching aims and demands, the 1993 syllabus emphasized the development of two basics basic linguistic knowledge and basic language skills. It isolated linguistic knowledge into decided items, for example, word class, sentence structures.And confined linguistic skills to classroom application, for example, students can understand classroom English and the write up of new language points with language learned, do question and answer on the text, and retell the story by word of mouth or in writing (Ministry of Education 1993 2-3). The new 2003 curriculum gives meaning to both knowledge and skills and integrates the two by engaging students in active use of the language with what they have learned as knowledge and developed as skills and by describing the language ability as what they can do with the English language.For example, students know language forms and their functions in real communication, under- stand and master the ways to describe people and objects, to describe the development of events. For students all round development, the new curriculum stresses the development of their affect, learning strategy and cultural awareness on with their linguistic knowledge and linguistic skills, and defines specific teaching aims and demands for these components at different bands. Implementation Guidelines The implementation guidelines help to reach the goals set for a curriculum.The guidelines in the new curriculum, as compared with those in the 1993 syllabus, are more concrete, whence playing a stronger guiding role. Ministry of Education (2003 23-25) The guidelines for teaching include focusing on all learners and dower them lay a solid foundation for lifelong development attending students affect and creating a pleasant, republican and harmonious learning atmosphere reinforcing the guidance for students learning strategies and helping them develop autonomous learning ability.These guidelines represent the learnercenteredness philosophy in curriculum development (Nunan 1988 2003). For teachers better understanding of the teaching methods, nonplus teaching plans are provided. Ministry of Education (2003 40- 42) For judicial decision, the stress is put on the explanation of the underlying rationale. It emphasizes that both pliant assessment and summative assessment be used and attention be paid to the motivating and facilitating roles of assessment in students learning. 2. 4 Reading StrategiesThe best definition of a reading strategy is the simulated military operation or actions teachers implement in regularize to approach and make sense of a reading text. Reading is important and necessary for human especially at the present day which technology is growing rapidly. D. C Mitchell (19821) wrote that reading is the way to express meaning from writer to reader. It is the way to exchange ideas of writer according to his/her styles. The ability to grasp these ideas is depending on readers experience, language knowledge and attitude as a organic basis. Reading is a Rebecca L. Oxford (19911-163) classified reading strategies into four categories 1. depot Strategies 2. Cognitive Strategies 3. Compensation Strategies 4. Social Strategies 1. Memory Strategies are personal strategies that depend on skills and ability of each person by using something close-by as a tool for understanding, learning and memorizing that passage. This is the definition of memory strategies. It means users use memory to remember the reading contents. 2. Cognitive Strategies are essential in learning a new language.Cognitive strategies are typically found to be the most popular strategies with language learners. Based on the readers comprehension, they use their cognitive to understanding the reading materials. 3. Compensation Strategies enable learne rs to use the new language for either comprehension or production despite limitations in knowledge. Compensation strategies are intended to make up for an understaffed repertoire of grammar and, especially, of mental lexicon. 4. Social Strategies is a term of social behavior it is communication, and communication occurs between and among people.Learning a language thus involves other people, and appropriate social strategies are very important in this process. 2. 5 Teaching Reading Strategies Teaching reading strategies will increase students on reading skills in the core takings areas this will also improve the students level of achievement. When Students are lack of knowledge will affect their ability to learn, read or write in all subject areas. Furthermore, helping students learned to read and write in the core subjects-areas will increase a students ability to read in all core subjects.A students reading comprehension skills will improve at the same time. Thats why teaching r eading strategies is important in the classroom teaching. The teacher can use reading strategies that connect the students interest in core subject areas, this can help a student maintain their focus, improve their ability to understand and then apply what they read to the real world. . Reading is a blend of word recognition and comprehension. This involves the response of printed motivation but the growth of sense or knowledge, is the real meaning of reading.The reading process is a mix of finding words and comprehension that involves recognition of printed incentive however, the development of meaning or understanding is the core of reading about meaning. The reader should think and talk about what they are reading and the meaning of the passages, and connect them to what makes sense. Teachers and parents should assist the student by having them begin underlining the most important words in the reading material. The process of pre-reading teaching strategies will help improve read ing comprehension.Effective language instructors show students how they can adjust their reading behavior to deal with a variety of situations, types of input, and reading purposes. They help students develop a set of reading strategies and match appropriate strategies to each reading situation. Strategies that can help students read more quickly and effectively include five different types. There are Previewing, Predicting, Skimming and Scanning, Guessing from stage setting and Paraphrasing. Next researcher will list down some characteristics about each reading strategies.First type is previewing reviewing titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection. Second type is predicting using knowledge of the subject matter to make predictions about content and vocabulary and check comprehension using knowledge of the text type and purpose to make predictions about discourse structure using knowledge about the author to mak e predictions about writing style, vocabulary, and content. Third type is paring and scanning using a quick survey of the text to get the main idea, fall upon text structure, confirm or question predictions.Fourth type is barb from context using introductory knowledge of the subject and the ideas in the text as clues to the meanings of unknown words, instead of stopping to look them up. The utmost(a) type is phrasing stopping at the end of a section to check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text. 2. 6 Conclusion This chapter is related some review about the definition in reading, compare between old syllabus and new syllabus in China Education system, reading strategies and how to teach reading strategies in the classroom.These four parts provide more information about reading comprehension and it is very useful for teachers training. CHAPTER ? METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction This chapter provides detailed information regarding the process of roll up t he data for this research. The aspects of the research method that are being focused are the subjects, instruments, questionnaires, method of data analysis and also research procedures. 3. 2 Research Design This research is a procedure for collecting and analyzing vicenary data access the research problem. The questionnaire is for Chinese students. It is a survey in No. 9 middle school in Beijing.This design has chosen because it really suits with how the study is carried out. 3. 3 Research Population For the indicator lamp study and the questionnaire part, the population is all Chinese students and teachers are come from No. 9 middle school. The pilot study researcher chooses 15 students because there are totally third grades and each grade has troika students to answer the pilot study. All together the questionnaires give the 30 students to answer it. some other part is the teachers part, there are three teachers attended in the pilot study and another six teachers are answer ing the teachers questionnaire. 3.4 Research Sample The samples that had been taken into consideration consist of 30 different grades students of No. 9 middle school in Beijing. The samples are from same school and the school is well-known in Beijing. The samples are also from different level, their learning background also different. In the samples, it also include 6 teachers are teaching three grades of No. 9 middle school in Beijing. Their teaching experiences are different, because two of them are new teachers. Their teaching experiences are not enough. It can contrasts in different teachers and get the different data during the research.3. 5 Research Instrument To meet the purpose of this study, the researcher looks at the types of reading strategies and which type is more common among students used and teacher teaching in the classroom. To conduct the process of this study the researcher uses questionnaires for the students and teachers. This questionnaire forms are distribut ed to the students. This is to gather information of the students background and their learning and the teachers teaching experiences and methods about reading strategies. The students are given answers and elicit responses regarding the research question.Teachers answer the research question based on their teaching experiences. 3. 6 Pilot Study It is to check the reliability and validity of results. In the research paper, in order to make sure the questions and data are stable and consistent in the questionnaires. The researcher distributed the questionnaire form to 15 other Chinese students from No. 9 middle school in order to get feedback about the questions, and then revise the survey 16 based on the written comments. The researchers will analyze their answer and data which is focused on the types of reading strategies.After they answer the questions, the researchers will discuss with the sample and analyze the questions. Will make sure each item is clear. The questions are alig ned to the researcher to get the research purpose. As a result of the analysis, there are 15 items which are of the questionnaire. From my statistics the r=0. 79 3. 7 Data Collection Procedure About the questionnaire, researcher followed the procedure of searching information, constructing the questionnaire, inviting the participants, E-mailing the questionnaire, time lag for response, asking back the completed questionnaire.3. 8 Data Analysis Procedure The researcher analyzed questionnaire data by using descriptive statistics. The procedure includes input data, summed score method to analyze data, report by using tables and summary of the major results. CHAPTER ? FINDINGS 4. 1 Introduction The main aim of this chapter is to investigate the types of cognitive reading strategies and cognitive reading strategies in the classroom among the middle school students in Beijing. In order to achieve these, data are obtained from a questionnaire that provides answers for the following resear ch question1. What are the cognitive reading strategies of middle school students in Beijing? 2 Which type is more common among the students used in the classroom? 4. 2 Questionnaires Two set of questionnaires are distributed to two different groups of subject the students and the teachers. The first set of questionnaire is distributed to the three grades students who are in No. 9 middle school. The questionnaire is distributed to gather information about students reading strategies and through their reading process, which type is used more widely among students in the classroom.The second set of questionnaire is distributed to six English teachers from the same school to find out about teachers teaching reading strategies in the classroom. The information and data gather from the questionnaires are calculated using the parting method. 1. Set 1 Student s questionnaire There are three sections in the students questionnaire. First section is background information. Table 4. 1 shows t he students background information. hedge 4. 1 Students background information 1. sex Gender Male Female Percentage Students 15 15 50% 2. Grade.Grade 1 2 3 Percentage Students 10 10 10 33. 3% The data collected shows the total students are 30. Male and Female percentage are equal in the table. And there are three grades in the No. 9 middle school, the percentage of each grade also the same reached at 33. 3%. The data is suitable to analysis. TABLE 4. 2 Types of Reading Strategies TABLE 4. 2. 1Skimming and Scanning Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B1 I briefly skim the 1 5 5 7 12 text before reading (3. 3%) (16. 7%) (16. 7%) (23. 3%) (40%) B2 I skim/ scan to get 3 2 6 10 9 the main idea (10%) (6.7%) (20%) (33. 3%) (30%) From the table, 60% students like skimming reading strategies before reading the text. solitary(prenominal) 4 students or 13. 3% never use this strategies when they reading the text. Therefore they like skimming reading strategies very much, and some wou ld rather remain neutral attitude on this strategy. Students can get main idea through they skim/scan the reading materials. The percentage is very high in these reading strategies. Illustration 4. 2. 2 Previewing pic The bar chart shows the percentage of the students who use previewing reading strategies in the classroom.The middle of blue and yellow bars means that the majority of people hold open in neutral about these two questions, Section B question 3 and 4. It reflects that 9 students or 30% and 12 students or 40% not everlastingly use it in the classroom reading. Only 3 students or 10% strongly agree use previewing strategies during their reading. And 2 students or 6. 7% never use it. The data is average in this bar chart. TABLE 4. 2. 3 Predicting Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B5I usually make 4 11 11 2 2 predictions as to what (13. 3%) (36. 7%) (36. 7%) (6. 7%) (6.7%) will follow text. The table of 4. 2. 3 is about students use predicting reading strategy in th e classroom. Number of each option is average. Four students or 13. 3%, they never use it during the classroom reading. Most of students are thinking it is usually not authoritative(a) of me or Somewhat true of me, percentage of it reach 36. 7%. Contrast it the students who choose Usually true of me or Always true of me has 4 students only. They prefer use it during their reading.TABLE 4. 2. 4 Guessing from context Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B6 While I am reading,I reconsider and revise 5 8 9 5 3 my prior questions (16. 7%) (26. 7%) (30%) (16. 7%) (10%) about the text based on the texts content. B7 While I am reading, I consider and revise my background 6 7 11 4 2 knowledge about the (20%) (23. 3%) (36. 7%) (13. 3%) (6. 7%) subject based on the texts content. Question 6 and 7 are related with the tail type of reading strategy Guessing from context. The students are also keeping the neutral attitude about this strategy. For question 6, there are 13 students or 43. 4% they dont like use it.It takes up most of time doing reading comprehension. Only have 8 students or 26. 7% they always use it in the classroom reading. However the question 7 has some related with question 6. already almost half of student they choose never or usually not true of me this option.Another 11 students or 36. 7% choose Somewhat true of me. Last 6 students they like use it very much in the classroom reading. Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B8 While I am reading, I try to determine the 1 11 11 7 meaning of unknown (3. 3%) (36. 7%) (36. 7%) (23.3%) words that seem critical to the meaning of the text. B9 As I am reading, I evaluate the text to determine whether it 3 8 12 6 1 contributes to my (10%) (26. 7%) (40%) (20%) (3. 3%) knowledge/ understanding of the subject.Two questions are also about Guessing from text. From the data analyses about this two questions, students who choose the same options with Question 6 and 7. There are 12 students or 40% who never use this strategy. 11 students sometimes use it, but there are only 7 students often use it. No one always use this strategy during their reading.Some data are the same with question 9. There are 11 students or 36. 7% who never use guessing from text strategy in the classroom. 40% students use it seldom. And only 7 students or 23. 3%, the number of students who choose this options is same with question 8. TABLE 4. 2. 5 Paraphrasing Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B10 I total/ paraphrase the material that I am 3 8 7 3 9 reading in order to (10%) (26. 7%) (23. 3%) (10%) (30%) remember the text. B11 After I have read 2 8 13 4 3 a text, I review it. (6. 7%) (26. 7%) (43. 3%) (13. 3%) (10%).B12 After I have read 5 11 7 6 1 a text, I evaluate what (16. 7%) (36. 7%) (23. 3%) (20%) (3. 3%) I have read. B13 After I have a read 1 5 12 10 2 a text I summarise it. (3. 3%) (16. 7%) (40%) (33. 3%) (6. 7%) The last type of reading strategy is Paraphrasing. These four questions are related t o the paraphrasing. From the data analyse we can see that most of the students are keep neutral about this strategy. They are neither use it often nor they always use it and gloss over maintains their neutral options through their chosen. Item NT UNT ST UT AT (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) B14I search outinformation applicable 1 10 5 10 4 to my reading goals. (3. 3%) (33. 3%) (16. 7%) (33. 3%) (13. 3%) B15 I evaluate whether what I am reading is 4 8 10 6 2 relevant to my reading (13. 3%) (26. 7%) (33. 3%) (20%) (6. 7%) goals. The last two questions also connected with paraphrasing. There is some different with last four questions. It is happened in the post-reading strategies. It is based on the reflection that readers give feedback after they did reading in the classroom 4. 2. 2 Set 2 Teachers questionnaire Set 2 consists of three sections.There is section A Background information, Section B The time arrangement about teaching reading and Section C Teaching reading strategies in the classr oom. TABLE 4. 4 Teachers background information 1. Gender Gender Male Female Teachers 1 5 Percentage 16. 7% 83. 3% There are six teachers to participate in the research questions. Five are female or 83. 3% from the table analysis. Only one male participate in the research, percentage is 16. 7%. 2. Teaching Grade Grade 1 2 3 Teachers 2 2 2 Percentage 33. 3% 33. 3% 33. 3% .All of the six teachers are teaching Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3. Percentage is average 33. 3%, it shows researcher consider about the data analyze stability and choose the same teacher who teaching in the same grade. The data is easier to analyze and has pertinence for teaching purpose. 3. Education Qualification Education Qualification Bachelor degree contain Doctor Number 4 2 - Percentage 66. 7% 33. 3% - There are three levels for the education qualification, Bachelor degree, Master and Doctor. Four teachers or 66. 7% their education qualification is Bachel.